Spheron

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Terms: fermi surface (77,600), pauli exclusion principle (80,000), electronic orbitals (1,550), absolute zero (747,000), crystalline lattice (26,900), spin density waves (1,810), oscillation in magnetic susceptibility (3), parametric oscillations (397), Bloch wave (4,000),

Wikipedia - Fermi surface, Fermi energy, fermi pressure, fermi temperature, chemical potential,

Terms: Fermi surface (77,600), Fermi energy (75,700), fermi pressure (338), fermi temperature (1,220), chemical potential (176,000), free electron density (1,230), electron density (639,000), charge density (298,000), fermi sea (3,160), fermi velocity (4,710), fermi wavelength (1,140), fermi surfaces (13,500),

Fermi Energies, Fermi temperatures, Fermi Velocities

Fermi Energies for Metals, Ohm's Law Microscopic View, Free Electron Density in a Metal

The amount of energy available as a result of the temperature of the material is on the order of the average thermal energy, for which kT= .026 eV at 300K is a representative number. This is very small compared to the Fermi energy of 7 eV for copper. This tells us that that thermal energy can interact with only a tiny fraction of the electrons (roughly .026/7 or about 0.4% of the energy range), since the overwhelming majority of the electrons are separated from the top of the Fermi sea by much more than thermal energy.

The High-Temperature Hydrogen Phase Diagram

Terms: Birch-Murnahan equation of state (12), Murnahan equation of state (12), degeneracy pressures (41), Wolfgang Pauli (82,900), degenerate fermi gas (1,480), degenerate fermi gases (772), fermi gas (56,500), fermi gases (12,400), fermi momentum (2,600), jellium (8,620), planetary models (1,510), white dwarfs (257,000), 

Terms: quark pressure (27), quark degeneracy (48), hadron degeneracy (3), degeneracy (586,000), degeneracy pressure (10,100), electron degeneracy (8,130), neutron degeneracy pressure (1,030), neutronium (64,600), neutron degeneracy (1,810), proton degeneracy (29), electron degenerate matter (149), inverse beta decay (1,300), degenerate electrons (1,050),

Terms: electron capture (200,000), electron density (636,000), radial wave functions (1,100), angular wave functions (140), atomic wavefunctions (734), associated Laguerre polynomials (438), associated Legendre polynomials (1,800), electron wavefunction (2,100), proton wavefunction (70),

Web-Based Interactive Physics Problems

Hydrogenic Atom Wavefunctions, radial functions,

Boolean: "atomic wavefunctions" AND (manipulation OR modulation OR tailoring) (94),

Wikipedia - Electron capture, Ionization potential, Schrödinger equation, Associated Legendre function,

Radioactivity gets fast-forward

Note that radioactive isotopes which go by pure electron capture can, in theory, be inhibited from radioactive decay if they are fully ionized ... Chemical bonds can also affect the rate of electron capture to a small degree (generally less than 1%) depending on the proximity of electrons to the nucleus.[1]

Degenerate electron gases

In turns out that the conduction (i.e., free) electrons inside metals are highly degenerate (since the number of electrons per unit volume is very large, and $E_F\propto n^{2/3}$). Indeed, most metals are hard to compress as a direct consequence of the high degeneracy pressure of their conduction electrons. To be more exact, resistance to compression is usually measured in terms of a quantity known as the bulk modulus, which is defined

\begin{displaymath} B = - V\,\frac{\partial P}{\partial V} \end{displaymath} (496)

Now, for a fixed number of electrons, $P\propto V^{-5/3}$ [see Eqs. (490) and (494)]. Hence,

\begin{displaymath} B = \frac{5}{3}\,P = \frac{\pi^3\,\hbar^2}{9\,m}\left(\frac{3\,n}{\pi}\right)^{5/3}. \end{displaymath} (497)

For example, the number density of free electrons in magnesium is $n\sim 8.6\times 10^{28}\,{\rm m}^{-3}$. This leads to the following estimate for the bulk modulus: $B\sim 6.4\times 10^{10}\,{\rm N}\,{\rm m}^{-3}$. The actual bulk modulus is $B= 4.5\times 10^{10}\,{\rm N}\,{\rm m}^{-3}$.

Wikipedia - Degenerate matter,

Terms: Bose-Einstein condensate (111,000), Bose-Einstein condensates (97,000), Bose-Einstein condensation (131,000), solitons (300,000),

Terms: de Broglie wavelength (30,300), matter wave (35,200), matter waves (51,400), wave packets (80,900), multiphoton wave packet (17),

The de Broglie Wavelength of a Packet of Light

In 1994 Joseph Jacobson and Yoshihisa Yamamoto of Stanford University predicted that a packet of more than one photon--multiple photons bound together--would have a de Broglie wavelength reduced from that of each photon's individual wavelength, the reduction being inversely proportional to the number of photons.

The revolution that has not stopped (June 2005) - Physics World - PhysicsWeb

The evolution of high-mass stars

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Wikipedia - Metallic hydrogen, Brillouin zone,

Terms: Brillouin zone (56,600), photonic lattice (1,490), photonic lattices (1,360), metallic hydrogen (27,700), solid hydrogen (33,500),

Solid Hydrogen is a dieletric at normal pressure and its density is 76 kg/m3. To become metallic, its Fermi energy needs to equal to its atomic ionization potential 13.6 eV 

(a) What is the pressure required to obtain this metallic transition?   (142 GPa)
(b) What is the density corresponding to this pressure?

Wikipedia - Linus Pauling, Quantum mechanics, Quantum electrodynamics, Vacuum polarization, Crystal structure,

The vacuum polarization is quantified by the vacuum polarization tensor ?µ?(p) which describes the dielectric effect as a function of the four-momentum p carried by the photon. Thus the vacuum polarization depends on the momentum transfer, or in other words, the dielectric constant is scale dependent. In particular, for electromagnetism we can write the fine structure constant as an effective momentum-transfer-dependent quantity; to first order in the corrections, we have

\alpha_{eff}(p^2) = \frac{\alpha}{1 - [\Pi_2(p^2) - \Pi_2(0)]}

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Terms: structure of nuclei (3,610), structure of the nucleus (8,580), nuclear structure (324,000), nuclear shell (27,500), atomic nucleus (173,000),